The Communication of Bad News in Palliative Care: The View of Professionals in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Communication is one of the central axes around which end-of-life care revolves in the context of palliative care. Communication of bad news is reported as one of the most difficult and stressful tasks by palliative care professionals. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify aspects related to the communication of bad news in palliative care in Spain. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed and sent by e-mail to all palliative care teams in Spain. RESULTS: Overall, 206 professionals (102 nurses, 88 physicians and 16 psychologists) completed the questionnaire. A total of 60.2% considered their communication of bad news skills to be good or very good. This was related to older age, experience in both the profession and palliative care, and to having received specific postgraduate training (P < .001). Around 42.2% perform communication of bad news with the patient first, which is associated with lower skill (P = .013). About 78.15% of the professionals do not use any specific protocol. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients access palliative care with little information about their diagnosis and prognosis. The barriers identified in the communication of bad news are the lack of specific education and training in protocol management, the difficult balance between hope and honesty, the young age of the patient, and the family.

Nursing students faced with organ donation: Multicenter stratified national study.

AIM: To analyze the attitude of university nursing students at Spanish universities toward organ donation and transplantation and the factors affecting to their attitude. BACKGROUND: The opinion of future nurses toward organ transplant donation could have an important influence on the population. Knowing that opinion and what factors influence it is important to improve the attitude towards organ donation and transplantation. DESIGN: A multicenter, sociological, interdisciplinary and observational study including university nursing diploma students in a complete academic year. METHODS: Selected and randomized sample was taken of students from 52 of the 111 faculties and nursing schools and faculties in Spain with teaching activity PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 10,566 students was selected stratified by geographical area and year. MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT: The instrument used was a validated questionnaire of attitude toward organ donation and transplantation, self-administered and completed anonymously. RESULTS: Completion rate: 85 % (n = 9001). Of the students surveyed, 78 % (n = 7040) would donate their organs after dying. Variables related to a favourable attitude: (1) Interest in listening to a talk about organ donation and transplantation [Odds ratio 1.66, 95 % confidence interval 2.05-1.35]; (2) Family discussion [Odds ratio 2.30, 95 % confidence interval 2.79-1.90] or discussion with friends about organ donation and transplantation [Odds ratio 1.56, 95 % confidence interval 1.86-1.31]; (3) Knowing that one's father [Odds ratio 1.54, 95 % confidence interval 1.94-1.22], mother's [Odds ratio 1.44, 95 % confidence interval 1.82-1.13] or partner [Odds ratio 1.28, 95 % confidence interval 1.60-1.03] has a favourable opinion; (4) Having a good self-assessment of information about organ donation and transplantation [Odds ratio 2.94, 95 % confidence interval 4.90-1.78]; (5) Not being worried about possible mutilation of the body after donation [Odds ratio 2.73, 95 % confidence interval 3.36-1.72]. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students in Spain tend to have a favourable attitude toward organ donation and transplantation although more than 20 % of those surveyed are not in favour. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: To maintain a high rate of organ donation for organ transplantation, it is necessary to improve the social awareness of future generations of nurses towards organ donation.

Exploring Health Science Students' Notions on Organ Donation and Transplantation: A Multicenter Study.

The knowledge acquired during university education about organ donation and transplantation (ODT) decisively influences the information future health professionals transmit. This is important in ODT where the participation of the general public is essential to obtain organs. OBJECTIVE: To determine notions of Spanish medicine and nursing students on ODT and its relationship with attitude toward ODT. METHODS AND DESIGN: and design. We conducted a sociologic, multicenter, and observational study. The population for our study consisted of medical and nursing students in Spanish universities. Our database was the Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. A validated questionnaire (PCID-DTO-RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. Our sample consisted of 9598 medical and 10,566 nursing students (99% confidence interval; precision of ±1%), stratified by geographic area and year of study. RESULTS: The completion rate for our study was 90%. Only 20% (n=3640) of students thought their notions on ODT were good; 41% (n=7531) thought their notions were normal; 36% (n=6550) thought their notions were scarce. Comparing groups, there were differences between those who believed that their notions on ODT were good (44% nursing vs 56% medical students; P < .000), and those who believed it scarce (54% nursing vs 46% medical students; P < .000). Notions on ODT were related with attitude toward the donation of one's own organs: those who considered their notions were good were more in favor then those who considered it scarce (88% vs 72%; P < .000). CONCLUSION: Only 20% of Spanish medical and nursing students thought their notions on ODT were good. Having good knowledge is related to a favorable attitude towards ODT. Receiving specific information on the subject could improve their knowledge about ODT during their training.

Organ Donation Related With Attitude Toward the Law of Presumed Consent: Spanish University Medical and Nursing Students Study.

INTRODUCTION: Information provided by health care professionals is crucial to create a climate of social opinion. This is important in organ donation and transplantation (ODT), where the participation of the general public is essential to obtain organs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the attitude toward the Law of Presumed Consent (LPC) among Spanish university students and to analyze their relation with attitude toward ODT. METHODS: and design. The type of study was a sociologic, multicenter, observational study. The population included medical and nursing students in Spanish universities. Database of Collaborative International Donor Project was used stratified by geographic area and academic course. A validated questionnaire (Collaborative International Donor Project, organ donation and transplantation questionnaire in Spanish [PCID-DTO-RIOS]) was self-administered and completed anonymously. A sample of 9598 medical and 10,566 nursing students was analyzed (99% confidence and precision of ±1%) and stratified by geographic area and year of study. RESULTS: Completion rate was 90%. Regarding attitude toward LPC, 66% of the students were against the law, whereas 34% accepted it. Of the students surveyed, 9% considered the law as a gesture of solidarity, 25% as an effective way of not wasting organs, 48% as an abuse of power, and 18% as offenses against the family. Those students who were in favor of LPC also had a more favorable attitude toward ODT (86% vs 76%; P < .001). Comparing groups, nursing students were less in favor of LPC than medical students (32% vs 36%; P < .000). CONCLUSION: Sixty-six percent of Spanish university medical and nursing students were against the LPC. The favorable attitude toward ODT is associated with considering the law as a gesture of solidarity or as an effective way of not wasting organs.

Confident Perception of Primary Care Physicians Correlates to the Attitude Toward Donation and Organ Transplantation: A Multicenter Study of Medical And Nursing Spanish Students.

A primary care physician (PCP) not only accompanies the patient in the process of an illness, but throughout his or her life. The confidence we have in these health professionals is fundamental, and their favorable attitude toward organ donation and transplantation (ODT) has a significant influence on the population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze trust in PCPs among Spanish medical and nursing students, the relationship with their attitude toward ODT, and the factors that condition it. METHODS AND DESIGN: A sociologic, multicenter, and observational study. POPULATION: medical and nursing students in Spanish universities. DATABASE: Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. A validated questionnaire (PCID-DTO-RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. A sample of 9598 medical and 10,566 nursing students (99% confidence and precision of ±1%), stratified by geographic area and year of study. RESULTS: Completion rate: 90%. With respect to students' trust in their physician, 18% (n = 3267) of them totally trust (completely), 45% (n = 8101) trust enough, 30% (n = 5478) of them have not enough trust, and 7% not at all. Comparing groups, medical students totally trust more in PCPs than nursing students (55% vs 45%; P < .000), however, nursing students have less than enough trust in their PCP than medical students (53% vs 47%; P < .000). Students that totally trust in their PCP were more in favor toward ODT than students with not enough trust (83% vs 77%; P < .000). CONCLUSION: Only 18% of Spanish medical and nursing students totally trust in their PCP. Attitude toward ODT is related to a higher level of trust in PCPs among these students.

Nursing Students' Knowledge About Organ Donation and Transplantation: A Spanish Multicenter Study.

Health care professionals and the information that they provide to the public on organ donation and transplantation (ODT) influence attitudes toward this option. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze the knowledge of university nursing students at Spanish universities toward ODT and the factors affecting it. METHODS AND DESIGN: The methods and design included a multicenter, sociologic, and observational study including university nursing diploma students in a complete academic year. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 10,566 students was selected stratified by geographic area and year. INSTRUMENT: A validated questionnaire of knowledge toward ODT (PCID-DTO RIOS), self-administered and completed anonymously. RESULTS: Questionnaire completion rate: 85% (n = 9001). Only 18% (n = 1580) believed that their knowledge about ODT was good, 40% (n = 3578) believed that the information they had was normal, and 39% believed that their knowledge was sparse. Of the students, 96% believed that organ needs are not covered and 79% that they might need a transplant in the future. Only 39% (n = 3493) had attended a talk about ODT. Furthermore, 83% (n = 7435) believed that attending a talk would be interesting. The following variables were associated with having a more adequate knowledge: gender (62% men vs 57% women; P < .001); academic year (P < .001); knowing a donor (P < .001); knowing a transplant patient (P < .001); believing the possibility of needing a transplant oneself in the future (P < .001); attitude toward deceased donation (P < .001); and interest in receiving an informative talk about ODT (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Only 18% of nursing students in Spain believed that their knowledge about ODT was adequate. These results must be considered for possible training plans for these future professionals.

[Design, construction and assessment of a scale to measure the attitude towards the self-medication in adolescents]. / Diseño, construcción y evaluación de una escala para medir la actitud hacia la automedicación en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: An increase in the self-medication in youth has been observed in last decades. Although there are several instruments to measure the behavior of self-medication, none of them work is aimed to measure the underlying attitude. The goal of this study was to design and evaluate an attitude towards self-medication measurement scale in youth and adolescence and the assessment of its psychometric characteristics. METHODS: Development and validation of the Attitude towards self-medication Scale based on the data obtained in February 2012 of 665 adolescents with an average age of 15.5 years (D.T = 1.1) in educational centers of the Community of Madrid. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were computed. RESULTS: EFA revealed a 3 factors solution: Self-medication and regulation of negative emotions (9 items), Peer-based self-medication and advertising (5 items) and Self-medication by own decision (3 items), with adequate reliability indexes. A CFA comparing 2 alternative models revealed that the 3 factor model yielded more satisfactory fit indexes. Results from a CFA for this model was also performed with a random sample, comprising half of the participants, also showed adequate fit indexes. CONCLUSIONS: The developed scale showed acceptable psychometric properties, and even with different latent factors it shows unidimensionality. Inner consistency of the overall scale and of each of the three factors is acceptable. Goodness of fit indexes is adequate.

OBJETIVO: En las últimas décadas se está produciendo un incremento en la conducta de automedicación de los jóvenes. Aunque existen distintos instrumentos que tratan de medir la conducta de automedicación, ninguno aborda la medición de la actitud que subyace. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y evaluar una escala de medida de la actitud hacia la automedicación en los adolescentes y la valoración de sus propiedades psicométricas. METODOS: Construcción y validación de una escala de actitud hacia la automedicación a partir de los datos obtenidos en febrero de 2012 de 665 adolescente con media de edad 15.5 años (D.T = 1.1) en centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid. Para la validación de la escala se realizó un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). RESULTADOS: El AFE reveló tres factores latentes: Automedicación y regulación de emociones negativas (9 ítems), Automedicación basada en pares y publicidad (5 ítems) y Automedicación por decisión propia (3 ítems), con adecuados índices de fiabilidad. En el AFC realizado sobre dos modelos de medida rivales, el modelo de 3 factores presentó unos índices de ajuste más satisfactorios. Los resultados de la aplicación de este modelo para el AFC sobre una muestra aleatoria de la mitad de los sujetos del estudio también mostraron unos índices de ajuste aceptables. CONCLUSIONES: La escala propuesta tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y aunque posee diferentes contenidos latentes muestra unidimensionalidad. Tanto la consistencia interna de la escala como de los tres factores que la forman son aceptables. Los índices de bondad de ajuste son adecuados.

Diseño, construcción y evaluación de una escala para medir la actitud hacia la automedicación en adolescentes / Design, construction and assessment of a scale to measure the attitude towards the self-medication in adolescents

Fundamentos: En las últimas décadas se está produciendo un incremento en la conducta de automedicación de los jóvenes. Aunque existen distintos instrumentos que tratan de medir la conducta de automedicación, ninguno aborda la medición de la actitud que subyace. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y evaluar una escala de medida de la actitud hacia la automedicación en los adolescentes y la valoración de sus propiedades psicométricas. Métodos: Construcción y validación de una escala de actitud hacia la automedicación a partir de los datos obtenidos en febrero de 2012 de 665 adolescente con media de edad 15.5 años (D.T = 1.1) en centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid. Para la validación de la escala se realizó un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Resultados: El AFE reveló tres factores latentes: Automedicación y regulación de emociones negativas (9 ítems), Automedicación basada en pares y publicidad (5 ítems) y Automedicación por decisión propia (3 ítems), con adecuados índices de fiabilidad. En el AFC realizado sobre dos modelos de medida rivales, el modelo de 3 factores presentó unos índices de ajuste más satisfactorios. Los resultados de la aplicación de este modelo para el AFC sobre una muestra aleatoria de la mitad de los sujetos del estudio también mostraron unos índices de ajuste aceptables. Conclusiones: La escala propuesta tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y aunque posee diferentes contenidos latentes muestra unidimensionalidad. Tanto la consistencia interna de la escala como de los tres factores que la forman son aceptables. Los índices de bondad de ajuste son adecuados

Background: An increase in the self-medication in youth has been observed in last decades. Although there are several instruments to measure the behavior of self-medication, none of them work is aimed to measure the underlying attitude. The goal of this study was to design and evaluate an attitude towards self-medication measurement scale in youth and adolescence and the assessment of its psychometric characteristics. Methods: Development and validation of the Attitude towards self-medication Scale based on the data obtained in February 2012 of 665 adolescents with an average age of 15.5 years (D.T = 1.1) in educational centers of the Community of Madrid. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were computed. Results: EFA revealed a 3 factors solution: Self-medication and regulation of negative emotions (9 items), Peer-based self-medication and advertising (5 items) and Self-medication by own decision (3 items), with adequate reliability indexes. A CFA comparing 2 alternative models revealed that the 3 factor model yielded more satisfactory fit indexes. Results from a CFA for this model was also performed with a random sample, comprising half of the participants, also showed adequate fit indexes. Conclusions: The developed scale showed acceptable psychometric properties, and even with different latent factors it shows unidimensionality. Inner consistency of the overall scale and of each of the three factors is acceptable. Goodness of fit indexes is adequate

Development and validation of the Hospitality Axiological Scale for Humanization of Nursing Care.

Objective: to develop and validate a scale to evaluate nursing attitudes in relation to hospitality for the humanization of nursing care. Participants: the sample consisted of 499 nursing professionals and undergraduate students of the final two years of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing program. Method: the instrument has been developed and validated to evaluate the ethical values related to hospitality using a methodological approach. Subsequently, a model was developed to measure the dimensions forming the construct hospitality. Results: the Axiological Hospitality Scale showed a high internal consistency, with Cronbach's Alpha=0.901. The validation of the measuring instrument was performed using factorial, exploratory and confirmatory analysis techniques with high goodness of fit measures. Conclusions: the developed instrument showed an adequate validity and a high internal consistency. Based on the consistency of its psychometric properties, it is possible to affirm that the scale provides a reliable measurement of the hospitality. It was also possible to determine the dimensions or sources that embrace it: respect, responsibility, quality and transpersonal care.

Development and validation of the Hospitality Axiological Scale for Humanization of Nursing Care / Desenvolvimento e validação da Escala Axiológica de Hospitalidade para a Humanização da Enfermagem / Desarrollo y validación de la Escala Axiológica de Hospitalidad para la Humanización de la Enfermería

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop and validate a scale to evaluate nursing attitudes in relation to hospitality for the humanization of nursing care. Participants: the sample consisted of 499 nursing professionals and undergraduate students of the final two years of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing program. Method: the instrument has been developed and validated to evaluate the ethical values related to hospitality using a methodological approach. Subsequently, a model was developed to measure the dimensions forming the construct hospitality. Results: the Axiological Hospitality Scale showed a high internal consistency, with Cronbach's Alpha=0.901. The validation of the measuring instrument was performed using factorial, exploratory and confirmatory analysis techniques with high goodness of fit measures. Conclusions: the developed instrument showed an adequate validity and a high internal consistency. Based on the consistency of its psychometric properties, it is possible to affirm that the scale provides a reliable measurement of the hospitality. It was also possible to determine the dimensions or sources that embrace it: respect, responsibility, quality and transpersonal care.

RESUMO Objetivo: desenvolver e validar uma escala que permita avaliar a atitude dos enfermeiros em termos de hospitalidade, visando a humanização da enfermagem.Participantes: a amostra foi constituída por 499 profissionais e estudantes de enfermagem dos dois últimos anos do curso de graduação em Enfermagem. Método: utilizando-seuma abordagem metodológica, foi desenvolvido e validado um instrumento para avaliar os valores éticos relacionados com a hospitalidade. Subsequentemente, foi formulado um modelo para mediras dimensões que constituem o construto hospitalidade. Resultados: a Escala Axiológica de Hospitalidade mostrou uma consistência interna elevada, com Alfa de Cronbach=0,901. A validação do instrumento de medição foi realizada usando-se métodos de análise fatorial, exploratória e confirmatória, que apresentaram bons índices de qualidade de ajuste. Conclusões: o instrumento desenvolvido apresentou uma validade adequada e uma consistência interna elevada. Com base na consistência de suas propriedades psicométricas, é possível afirmar que a escala proporciona uma medida confiável da hospitalidade. Também foi possível determinar as dimensões ou fontes que a compõem: o respeito, a responsabilidade, a qualidade e o cuidado transpessoal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: desarrollar y validar una escala que permita evaluar la actitud enfermera ante la hospitalidad para la humanización de enfermería. Participantes: la muestra la componen 499 profesionales de enfermería y estudiantes de los dos últimos niveles académicos de la titulación de Grado en Enfermería. Método: mediante abordaje metodológico, se ha desarrollado y validado un instrumento para evaluar valores éticos relacionados con la hospitalidad. Posteriormente, se ha formulado un modelo de medida de las dimensiones que conforman el constructo hospitalidad. Resultados: la Escala Axiológica de la Hospitalidad ha mostrado una alta consistencia interna, con un Alfa de Cronbach=0.901. La validación del instrumento de medida se realizó mediante las técnicas de análisis factorial, exploratorio y confirmatorio, que presentaron unos buenos índices de bondad de ajuste. Conclusiones: el instrumento desarrollado ha presentado una adecuada validez y una alta consistencia interna. Sus adecuadas propiedades psicométricas permiten afirmar que la escala aporta una medición fiable de la hospitalidad. También ha permitido determinar las dimensiones o fuentes que la conforman: el respeto, la responsabilidad, la calidad y el cuidado transpersonal.